Rufus has a dd mode. But it also has an iso mode. Some distro's ( like Fedora ) and Windows 11 also...
have a built-in checksum to see if the image was tampered with. Added to or taken away from.
When you burn the image in "iso" mode, the good thing is, you can add or delete files to your image.
The bad thing is, some distro's won't install because they fail the checksum verification. Even if you never add
or delete a file, you changed the image by making it a writeable disk. Just that one byte that enables
read/write is enough to make the image fail the checksum.
The problem with Ubuntu media creator/Fedora media creator/MX USB maker... etc... is they seem to
work pretty good for the distro that I'm making the USB for. But how do I use Ubuntu media creator if I
don't have Ubuntu? The same goes for MX or Fedora, or whatever else you have installed. Besides, usually
after I get it installed, I don't need the iso anymore.
dd is a disk duplicator. A byte for byte exact image of the iso image. Nothing is added, nothing is taken away.
All the ones and zero's match perfectly. Just about every distro comes with it installed by default.