You are correct in suggesting that the file check repairing command is not needed if the fsck command doesn't return an error.
On the kernel panic, the message shows that the kernel can't find the root filesystem. In that case the first thing to try is to tell the kernel where the root filesystem is, for example, add the kernel option:
root=/dev/<root>
where "root" is the root device shown in the
lsblk output on your machine. In post #10 above, one can identify the root partition by the symbol "/" in the MOUNTPOINTS column, so for that machine the device name would be: /dev/nvme0n1p3. You have to get it correct from your machine.
If unsure how to add a kernel option, perhaps check here:
https://askubuntu.com/questions/19486/how-do-i-add-a-kernel-boot-parameter
If that works, then the machine should boot and then you can mount any other partitions you need to run. If it doesn't work, there's some other issue which will need to be attended to.