Thanks for that. Given what you have tried, in thinking further, it sounds to me like the kernel panic indicated by this error message:
probably needs more investigation. My own approach would be to use a rescue disk such as systemrescue found here:
boot it and investigate the health of the hard drive. The rescue disk includes tools that may not be available on ordinary live disks. If the smartctl program in particular passes the hard drive, it may be useful to re-partition it to clear it of data altogether making it either free space, or a new partitioning arrangement of your choice before again trying to install a new distro.