Doom on Linux?
I'd start with searching your available packages. You'll likely find something just searching for 'doom'. (I just did on Lubuntu and there are all sorts of options.)
Some of the software will require that you have some of the original files. They do this because they rewrote the Doom engine but you'll need the original game files to play it. That's because they don't want to run afoul of copyright laws.
There are also some modern Doom games. They're still making it.