Day to Day with Linux

[warlockk]

Great info.Thanks rob

 

[Deleted member 58530]

FWIW

This is something I do on a daily bases.

All work which requires using on a regular bases or on a daily bases when finished at the end of my day I will save all daily work to 2 different usb flash drives takes but a minute or two.

The reason I save to two usb flash drives in case one of the two usb flash drives becomes corrupt I will have the other as a backup.

To prevent possible corruption make certain to unmount / eject the usb flash drive and then wait a minute before removing the usb flash drive as sometimes files may still be being written to the usb flash drive.

 

[shastrycs]

Hi,
I installed Debian 10.8.0 yesterday (graphical install) with a bootable USB stick. Now i am not able to do any updates or install additional software since it is asking for a Debian CD/DVD disk in the CD/DVD drive. I came across the following tutorial...

Using a Debian ISO instead of a CD-ROM in your sources.list

Using a Debian ISO instead of a CD-ROM in your sources.list

novicenolonger.com

but got an error that the release file is not signed when i did an apt-get update. I downloaded another copy with the same result.

sid@computer:~$ sudo apt-get update
[sudo] password for sid:
Get:1 file:/mnt/debcd buster InRelease
Ign:1 file:/mnt/debcd buster InRelease
Get:2 file:/mnt/debcd buster Release [19.1 kB]
Get:2 file:/mnt/debcd buster Release [19.1 kB]
Get:3 file:/mnt/debcd buster Release.gpg
Ign:3 file:/mnt/debcd buster Release.gpg
Hit:4 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster InRelease
Get:5 http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates InRelease [65.4 kB]
Get:6 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates InRelease [51.9 kB]
Reading package lists... Done
E: The repository 'file:/mnt/debcd buster Release' is not signed.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.


Am i missing something???

 

[wizardfromoz]

G'day @shastrycs and welcome to linux.org

You are in a Tutorial, not a Support area.

Go to Getting Started and ask your questions there.

Cheers

Chris Turner
wizardfromoz

 

[shastrycs]

Sorry.. wasn't paying attention.
Thanks for pointing it out..

 

[dogbyte]

This being the year of our Lord 2023, I have been using the reboot command for a simple reboot of the machine.

 

[jerry2050]

Shutting down Linux

At this point you should have installed Linux, and you've looked around at what you have. And then when you're finished you'll have to shut off your computer. Actually, there are computers that are never shut off. Imagine if your ISP shut off the computer every night! The Internet is a 24/7 business so that wouldn't be practical. There are also people who probably just shut off their monitor. As you probably get some sleep occasionally, so we should maybe let our machine have a rest too once and a while. For this, we'll use the shutdown command

As anyone who's used a computer knows, if you shut off you're computer before you've finished saving work, or if there's a power outage that shuts it off for you, data will be lost. At first, if you shut off Linux incorrectly or there was an inopportune thunder storm and you lost electrical power, you could do severe damage to your Linux file system. That will very rarely happen these days, but you should always use the shutdown command when you want to shut off your computer. Linux will tell you about it if you don't - it will run a check on your hard disk automatically when you use it again. If you have a big hard disk, you might as well go and make yourself a sandwich because it's going to take a while. Linux will also run a routine check every once and a while automatically. You also have our permission to fix yourself a sandwich in these cases too.

Shutdown a single computer

The most common way of shutting down a single user Linux system is for you as root to issue the command:

shutdown -h now

You use this when you plan on shutting your computer off at that moment, as opposed to some later time.

Linux is going for system halt NOW

It will start to shut off programs that you're computer is using and you'll see it all happening. That's because Linux is a transparent system. It lets you see everything it's doing. It won't give you a simple message telling you to wait and then another one telling you you can shut it off now. If something is causing a problem, it will tell you about it when it starts up and when it shuts down. That way, if you are having a problem, you may be able to track it down. If you don't know how to solve it, you can tell another person what you saw and he or she may be able to help you.

With the shutdown command, you must wait until you see the message:

System halted
Power down before you shut off the computer.
Re-booting the computer

Rebooting Your Computer

shutdown -r now

If you have installed a dual-boot system and you want to use the other operating system, (why would you want to do that?) you would use this command. You will get a similar message as with the -h (halt) option that will say something like:

System going for reboot NOW

The basic reason behind all of these messages is that Linux was conceived to be a networked operating system. You have people at workstations on the network busily doing their work. The last part of the shutdown commandnow is fine for a single-user home PC, but on a network system this would be changed to indicate a time. That way people would have a chance to finish what they were doing before the system went down for maintenence. Using 'now', in a network, would probably be hazardous to the health of the person who sent that command.

The next time you shutdown your system, you may want to try using some time options instead of just now. For example, you may want to try shutting down the computer at a given time.

shutdown -h 20:01

Which will shutdown the computer at 8:01 PM. You could also try:

shutdown -h +5

That shuts down the computer in 5 minutes time.

Now you know the correct way to shutdown your Linux system.

Yes, sure! Now i know how to correctly shutdown my linux systems. I love it. Thank Rob

Shutting down Linux

At this point you should have installed Linux, and you've looked around at what you have. And then when you're finished you'll have to shut off your computer. Actually, there are computers that are never shut off. Imagine if your ISP shut off the computer every night! The Internet is a 24/7 business so that wouldn't be practical. There are also people who probably just shut off their monitor. As you probably get some sleep occasionally, so we should maybe let our machine have a rest too once and a while. For this, we'll use the shutdown command

As anyone who's used a computer knows, if you shut off you're computer before you've finished saving work, or if there's a power outage that shuts it off for you, data will be lost. At first, if you shut off Linux incorrectly or there was an inopportune thunder storm and you lost electrical power, you could do severe damage to your Linux file system. That will very rarely happen these days, but you should always use the shutdown command when you want to shut off your computer. Linux will tell you about it if you don't - it will run a check on your hard disk automatically when you use it again. If you have a big hard disk, you might as well go and make yourself a sandwich because it's going to take a while. Linux will also run a routine check every once and a while automatically. You also have our permission to fix yourself a sandwich in these cases too.

Shutdown a single computer

The most common way of shutting down a single user Linux system is for you as root to issue the command:

shutdown -h now

You use this when you plan on shutting your computer off at that moment, as opposed to some later time.

Linux is going for system halt NOW

It will start to shut off programs that you're computer is using and you'll see it all happening. That's because Linux is a transparent system. It lets you see everything it's doing. It won't give you a simple message telling you to wait and then another one telling you you can shut it off now. If something is causing a problem, it will tell you about it when it starts up and when it shuts down. That way, if you are having a problem, you may be able to track it down. If you don't know how to solve it, you can tell another person what you saw and he or she may be able to help you.

With the shutdown command, you must wait until you see the message:

System halted
Power down before you shut off the computer.
Re-booting the computer

Rebooting Your Computer

shutdown -r now

If you have installed a dual-boot system and you want to use the other operating system, (why would you want to do that?) you would use this command. You will get a similar message as with the -h (halt) option that will say something like:

System going for reboot NOW

The basic reason behind all of these messages is that Linux was conceived to be a networked operating system. You have people at workstations on the network busily doing their work. The last part of the shutdown commandnow is fine for a single-user home PC, but on a network system this would be changed to indicate a time. That way people would have a chance to finish what they were doing before the system went down for maintenence. Using 'now', in a network, would probably be hazardous to the health of the person who sent that command.

The next time you shutdown your system, you may want to try using some time options instead of just now. For example, you may want to try shutting down the computer at a given time.

shutdown -h 20:01

Which will shutdown the computer at 8:01 PM. You could also try:

shutdown -h +5

That shuts down the computer in 5 minutes time.

Now you know the correct way to shutdown your Linux system.

Indeed. Now I know how to correctly shutdown my linux system. Thanks Rob.

 

[bob466]

I've never used a shut down command... must have been a thing back then. I go Menu Quit and click Shut Down and never have problems and always have my Tower plugged in to a power surge protection board.