Universal 32bit classifier in tc(8) Linux Universal 32bit classifier in tc(8)
NAME
u32 - universal 32bit traffic control filter
SYNOPSIS
tc filter ... [ handle HANDLE ] u32 OPTION_LIST [ offset OFFSET ] [ hashkey HASHKEY ] [ classid CLASSID ] [
divisor uint_value ] [ order u32_value ] [ ht HANDLE ] [ sample SELECTOR [ divisor uint_value ] ] [
link HANDLE ] [ indev ifname ] [ help ]
HANDLE := { u12_hex_htid:[u8_hex_hash:[u12_hex_nodeid] | 0xu32_hex_value }
OPTION_LIST := [ OPTION_LIST ] OPTION
HASHKEY := [ mask u32_hex_value ] [ at 4*int_value ]
CLASSID := { root | none | [u16_major]:u16_minor | u32_hex_value }
OFFSET := [ plus int_value ] [ at 2*int_value ] [ mask u16_hex_value ] [ shift int_value ] [ eat ]
OPTION := { match SELECTOR | action ACTION }
SELECTOR := { u32 VAL_MASK_32 | u16 VAL_MASK_16 | u8 VAL_MASK_8 | ip IP | ip6 IP6 | { tcp | udp } TCPUDP |
icmp ICMP | mark VAL_MASK_32 | ether ETHER }
IP := { { src | dst } { default | any | all | ip_address [ / { prefixlen | netmask } ] } AT | { dsfield | ihl
| protocol | precedence | icmp_type | icmp_code } VAL_MASK_8 | { sport | dport } VAL_MASK_16 | nofrag
| firstfrag | df | mf }
IP6 := { { src | dst } { default | any | all | ip6_address [/prefixlen ] } AT | priority VAL_MASK_8 | { proto‐
col | icmp_type | icmp_code } VAL_MASK_8 | flowlabel VAL_MASK_32 | { sport | dport } VAL_MASK_16 }
TCPUDP := { src | dst } VAL_MASK_16
ICMP := { type VAL_MASK_8 | code VAL_MASK_8 }
ETHER := { src | dst } ether_address AT
VAL_MASK_32 := u32_value u32_hex_mask [ AT ]
VAL_MASK_16 := u16_value u16_hex_mask [ AT ]
VAL_MASK_8 := u8_value u8_hex_mask [ AT ]
AT := [ at [ nexthdr+ ] int_value ]
DESCRIPTION
The Universal/Ugly 32bit filter allows to match arbitrary bitfields in the packet. Due to breaking everything
down to values, masks and offsets, It is equally powerful and hard to use. Luckily many abstracting directives
are present which allow defining rules on a higher level and therefore free the user from having to fiddle
with bits and masks in many cases.
There are two general modes of invocation: The first mode creates a new filter to delegate packets to differ‐
ent destinations. Apart from the obvious ones, namely classifying the packet by specifying a CLASSID or call‐
ing an action, one may link one filter to another one (or even a list of them), effectively organizing filters
into a tree-like hierarchy.
Typically filter delegation is done by means of a hash table, which leads to the second mode of invocation: it
(3) Adding filters to buckets in the hash table from (1). In order to avoid having to know how exactly the
kernel creates the hash key, there is the sample parameter, which gives sample data to hash and thereby
define the table bucket the filter should be added to.
In fact, even if not explicitly requested u32 creates a hash table for every priority a filter is being added with.
The table's size is 1 though, so it is in fact merely a linked list.
VALUES
Options and selectors require values to be specified in a specific format, which is often non-intuitive.
Therefore the terminals in SYNOPSIS have been given descriptive names to indicate the required format and/or
maximum allowed numeric value: Prefixes u32, u16 and u8 indicate four, two and single byte unsigned values.
E.g. u16 indicates a two byte-sized value in range between 0 and 65535 (0xFFFF) inclusive. A prefix of int
indicates a four byte signed value. A middle part of _hex_ indicates that the value is parsed in hexadecimal
format. Otherwise, the value's base is automatically detected, i.e. values prefixed with 0x are considered
hexadecimal, a leading 0 indicates octal format and decimal format otherwise. There are some values with spe‐
cial formatting as well: ip_address and netmask are in dotted-quad formatting as usual for IPv4 addresses. An
ip6_address is specified in common, colon-separated hexadecimal format. Finally, prefixlen is an unsigned,
decimal integer value in range from 0 to the address width in bits (32 for IPv4 and 128 for IPv6).
Sometimes values need to be dividable by a certain number. In that case a name of the form N*val was chosen,
indicating that val must be dividable by N. Or the other way around: the resulting value must be a multiple
of N.
OPTIONS
U32 recognizes the following options:
handle HANDLE
The handle is used to reference a filter and therefore must be unique. It consists of a hash table
identifier htid and optional hash (which identifies the hash table's bucket) and nodeid. All these
values are parsed as unsigned, hexadecimal numbers with length 12bits ( htid and nodeid) or 8bits (
hash). Alternatively one may specify a single, 32bit long hex number which contains the three fields
bits in concatenated form. Other than the fields themselves, it has to be prefixed by 0x.
offset OFFSET
Set an offset which defines where matches of subsequent filters are applied to. Therefore this option
is useful only when combined with link or a combination of ht and sample. The offset may be given
explicitly by using the plus keyword, or extracted from the packet data with at. It is possible to
mangle the latter using mask and/or shift keywords. By default, this offset is recorded but not implic‐
itly applied. It is used only to substitute the nexthdr+ statement. Using the keyword eat though
inverses this behaviour: the offset is applied always, and nexthdr+ will fall back to zero.
hashkey HASHKEY
Spefify what packet data to use to calculate a hash key for bucket lookup. The kernel adjusts the value
according to the hash table's size. For this to work, the option link must be given.
classid CLASSID
Classify matching packets into the given CLASSID, which consists of either 16bit major and minor num‐
bers or a single 32bit value combining both.
divisor u32_value
Specify a modulo value. Used when creating hash tables to define their size or for declaring a sample
to calculate hash table keys from. Must be a power of two with exponent not exceeding eight.
indev ifname
Filter on the incoming interface of the packet. Obviously works only for forwarded traffic.
help Print a brief help text about possible options.
SELECTORS
Basically the only real selector is u32 . All others merely provide a higher level syntax and are internally
translated into u32 .
u32 VAL_MASK_32
u16 VAL_MASK_16
u8 VAL_MASK_8
Match packet data to a given value. The selector name defines the sample length to extract (32bits for
u32, 16bits for u16 and 8bits for u8). Before comparing, the sample is binary AND'ed with the given
mask. This way uninteresting bits can be cleared before comparison. The position of the sample is
defined by the offset specified in AT.
ip IP
ip6 IP6
Assume packet starts with an IPv4 ( ip) or IPv6 ( ip6) header. IP/IP6 then allows to match various
header fields:
src ADDR
dst ADDR
Compare Source or Destination Address fields against the value of ADDR. The reserved words
default, any and all effectively match any address. Otherwise an IP address of the particular
protocol is expected, optionally suffixed by a prefix length to match whole subnets. In case of
IPv4 a netmask may also be given.
dsfield VAL_MASK_8
IPv4 only. Match the packet header's DSCP/ECN field. Synonyms to this are tos and precedence.
ihl VAL_MASK_8
IPv4 only. Match the Internet Header Length field. Note that the value's unit is 32bits, so to
match a packet with 24byte header length u8_value has to be 6.
protocol VAL_MASK_8
Match the Protocol (IPv4) or Next Header (IPv6) field value, e.g. 6 for TCP.
icmp_type VAL_MASK_8
icmp_code VAL_MASK_8
Assume a next-header protocol of icmp or ipv6-icmp and match Type or Code field values. This is
dangerous, as the code assumes minimal header size for IPv4 and lack of extension headers for
IPv6.
sport VAL_MASK_16
dport VAL_MASK_16
Match layer four source or destination ports. This is dangerous as well, as it assumes a suit‐
able layer four protocol is present (which has Source and Destination Port fields right at the
start of the header and 16bit in size). Also minimal header size for IPv4 and lack of IPv6
extension headers is assumed.
nofrag
which are the least significant ones here. The remaining upper 12bytes match Version and Traffic
Class fields.
tcp TCPUDP
udp TCPUDP
Match fields of next header of protocol TCP or UDP. The possible values for TCPDUP are:
src VAL_MASK_16
Match on Source Port field value.
dst VALMASK_16
Match on Destination Port field value.
icmp ICMP
Match fields of next header of protocol ICMP. The possible values for ICMP are:
type VAL_MASK_8
Match on ICMP Type field.
code VAL_MASK_8
Match on ICMP Code field.
mark VAL_MASK_32
Match on netfilter fwmark value.
ether ETHER
Match on ethernet header fields. Possible values for ETHER are:
src ether_address AT
dst ether_address AT
Match on source or destination ethernet address. This is dangerous: It assumes an ethernet
header is present at the start of the packet. This will probably lead to unexpected things if
used with layer three interfaces like e.g. tun or ppp.
EXAMPLES
tc filter add dev eth0 parent 999:0 prio 99 protocol ip u32 \
match ip src 192.168.8.0/24 classid 1:1
This attaches a filter to the qdisc identified by 999:0. It's priority is 99, which affects in which order
multiple filters attached to the same parent are consulted (the lower the earlier). The filter handles packets
of protocol type ip, and matches if the IP header's source address is within the 192.168.8.0/24 subnet. Match‐
ing packets are classified into class 1.1. The effect of this command might be surprising at first glance:
filter parent 1: protocol ip pref 99 u32
filter parent 1: protocol ip pref 99 u32 \
fh 800: ht divisor 1
filter parent 1: protocol ip pref 99 u32 \
fh 800::800 order 2048 key ht 800 bkt 0 flowid 1:1 \
match c0a80800/ffffff00 at 12
So parent 1: is assigned a new u32 filter, which contains a hash table of size 1 (as the divisor indicates).
The table ID is 800. The third line then shows the actual filter which was added above: it sits in table 800
and bucket 0, classifies packets into class ID 1:1 and matches the upper three bytes of the four byte value at
offset 12 to be 0xc0a808, which is 192, 168 and 8.
other filters of the same priority.
The next step is to create a filter which links to the created hash table:
tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1: prio 1 u32 \
link 1: hashkey mask 0x0000ff00 at 12 \
match ip src 192.168.0.0/16
The filter is given a lower priority than the hash table itself so u32 consults it before manually traversing
the hash table. The options link and hashkey determine which table and bucket to redirect to. In this case the
hash key should be constructed out of the second byte at offset 12, which corresponds to an IP packet's third
byte of the source address field. Along with the match statement, this effectively maps all class C networks
below 192.168.0.0/16 to different buckets of the hash table.
Filters for certain subnets can be created like so:
tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1: prio 99 u32 \
ht 1: sample u32 0x00000800 0x0000ff00 at 12 \
match ip src 192.168.8.0/24 classid 1:1
The bucket is defined using the sample option: In this case, the second byte at offset 12 must be 0x08,
exactly. In this case, the resulting bucket ID is obviously 8, but as soon as sample selects an amount of data
which could exceed the divisor, one would have to know the kernel-internal algorithm to deduce the destination
bucket. This filter's match statement is redundant in this case, as the entropy for the hash key does not
exceed the table size and therefore no collisions can occur. Otherwise it's necessary to prevent matching
unwanted packets.
Matching upper layer fields is problematic since IPv4 header length is variable and IPv6 supports extension
headers which affect upper layer header offset. To overcome this, there is the possibility to specify nexthdr+
when giving an offset, and to make things easier there are the tcp and udp matches which use nexthdr+ implic‐
itly. This offset has to be calculated in beforehand though, and the only way to achieve that is by doing it
in a separate filter which then links to the filter which wants to use it. Here is an example of doing so:
tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1:0 protocol ip handle 1: \
u32 divisor 1
tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1:0 protocol ip \
u32 ht 1: \
match tcp src 22 FFFF \
classid 1:2
tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1:0 protocol ip \
u32 ht 800: \
match ip protocol 6 FF \
match ip firstfrag \
offset at 0 mask 0f00 shift 6 \
link 1:
This is what is being done: In the first call, a single element sized hash table is created so there is a
place to hold the linked to filter and a known handle (1:) to reference to it. The second call then adds the
actual filter, which pushes packets with TCP source port 22 into class 1:2. Using ht, it is moved into the
hash table created by the first call. The third call then does the actual magic: It matches IPv4 packets with
next layer protocol 6 (TCP), only if it's the first fragment (usually TCP sets DF bit, but if it doesn't and
the packet is fragmented, only the first one contains the TCP header), and then sets the offset based on the
IP header's IHL field (right-shifting by 6 eliminates the offset of the field and at the same time converts
the value into byte unit). Finally, using link, the hash table from first call is referenced which holds the
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