GITDIFFCORE(7) Git Manual GITDIFFCORE(7)
NAME
gitdiffcore - Tweaking diff output
SYNOPSIS
git diff *
DESCRIPTION
The diff commands git diff-index, git diff-files, and git diff-tree can be told to manipulate differences they
find in unconventional ways before showing diff output. The manipulation is collectively called "diffcore
transformation". This short note describes what they are and how to use them to produce diff output that is
easier to understand than the conventional kind.
THE CHAIN OF OPERATION
The git diff-* family works by first comparing two sets of files:
· git diff-index compares contents of a "tree" object and the working directory (when --cached flag is not
used) or a "tree" object and the index file (when --cached flag is used);
· git diff-files compares contents of the index file and the working directory;
· git diff-tree compares contents of two "tree" objects;
In all of these cases, the commands themselves first optionally limit the two sets of files by any pathspecs
given on their command-lines, and compare corresponding paths in the two resulting sets of files.
The pathspecs are used to limit the world diff operates in. They remove the filepairs outside the specified
sets of pathnames. E.g. If the input set of filepairs included:
:100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M junkfile
but the command invocation was git diff-files myfile, then the junkfile entry would be removed from the list
because only "myfile" is under consideration.
The result of comparison is passed from these commands to what is internally called "diffcore", in a format
similar to what is output when the -p option is not used. E.g.
in-place edit :100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M file0
create :000000 100644 0000000... 1234567... A file4
delete :100644 000000 1234567... 0000000... D file5
unmerged :000000 000000 0000000... 0000000... U file6
The diffcore mechanism is fed a list of such comparison results (each of which is called "filepair", although
at this point each of them talks about a single file), and transforms such a list into another list. There are
currently 5 such transformations:
· diffcore-break
· diffcore-rename
· diffcore-merge-broken
· diffcore-pickaxe
:100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M file0
and if it detects that the file "file0" is completely rewritten, it changes it to:
:100644 000000 bcd1234... 0000000... D file0
:000000 100644 0000000... 0123456... A file0
For the purpose of breaking a filepair, diffcore-break examines the extent of changes between the contents of
the files before and after modification (i.e. the contents that have "bcd1234..." and "0123456..." as their
SHA-1 content ID, in the above example). The amount of deletion of original contents and insertion of new
material are added together, and if it exceeds the "break score", the filepair is broken into two. The break
score defaults to 50% of the size of the smaller of the original and the result (i.e. if the edit shrinks the
file, the size of the result is used; if the edit lengthens the file, the size of the original is used), and
can be customized by giving a number after "-B" option (e.g. "-B75" to tell it to use 75%).
DIFFCORE-RENAME: FOR DETECTION RENAMES AND COPIES
This transformation is used to detect renames and copies, and is controlled by the -M option (to detect
renames) and the -C option (to detect copies as well) to the git diff-* commands. If the input contained these
filepairs:
:100644 000000 0123456... 0000000... D fileX
:000000 100644 0000000... 0123456... A file0
and the contents of the deleted file fileX is similar enough to the contents of the created file file0, then
rename detection merges these filepairs and creates:
:100644 100644 0123456... 0123456... R100 fileX file0
When the "-C" option is used, the original contents of modified files, and deleted files (and also unmodified
files, if the "--find-copies-harder" option is used) are considered as candidates of the source files in
rename/copy operation. If the input were like these filepairs, that talk about a modified file fileY and a
newly created file file0:
:100644 100644 0123456... 1234567... M fileY
:000000 100644 0000000... bcd3456... A file0
the original contents of fileY and the resulting contents of file0 are compared, and if they are similar
enough, they are changed to:
:100644 100644 0123456... 1234567... M fileY
:100644 100644 0123456... bcd3456... C100 fileY file0
In both rename and copy detection, the same "extent of changes" algorithm used in diffcore-break is used to
determine if two files are "similar enough", and can be customized to use a similarity score different from
the default of 50% by giving a number after the "-M" or "-C" option (e.g. "-M8" to tell it to use 8/10 = 80%).
Note. When the "-C" option is used with --find-copies-harder option, git diff-* commands feed unmodified
filepairs to diffcore mechanism as well as modified ones. This lets the copy detector consider unmodified
to help diffcore-rename to consider such filepairs as candidate of rename/copy detection, but if filepairs
broken that way were not matched with other filepairs to create rename/copy, then this transformation merges
them back into the original "modification".
The "extent of changes" parameter can be tweaked from the default 80% (that is, unless more than 80% of the
original material is deleted, the broken pairs are merged back into a single modification) by giving a second
number to -B option, like these:
· -B50/60 (give 50% "break score" to diffcore-break, use 60% for diffcore-merge-broken).
· -B/60 (the same as above, since diffcore-break defaults to 50%).
Note that earlier implementation left a broken pair as a separate creation and deletion patches. This was an
unnecessary hack and the latest implementation always merges all the broken pairs back into modifications, but
the resulting patch output is formatted differently for easier review in case of such a complete rewrite by
showing the entire contents of old version prefixed with -, followed by the entire contents of new version
prefixed with +.
DIFFCORE-PICKAXE: FOR DETECTING ADDITION/DELETION OF SPECIFIED STRING
This transformation is used to find filepairs that represent changes that touch a specified string, and is
controlled by the -S option and the --pickaxe-all option to the git diff-* commands.
When diffcore-pickaxe is in use, it checks if there are filepairs whose "result" side and whose "origin" side
have different number of specified string. Such a filepair represents "the string appeared in this changeset".
It also checks for the opposite case that loses the specified string.
When --pickaxe-all is not in effect, diffcore-pickaxe leaves only such filepairs that touch the specified
string in its output. When --pickaxe-all is used, diffcore-pickaxe leaves all filepairs intact if there is
such a filepair, or makes the output empty otherwise. The latter behaviour is designed to make reviewing of
the changes in the context of the whole changeset easier.
DIFFCORE-ORDER: FOR SORTING THE OUTPUT BASED ON FILENAMES
This is used to reorder the filepairs according to the user’s (or project’s) taste, and is controlled by the
-O option to the git diff-* commands.
This takes a text file each of whose lines is a shell glob pattern. Filepairs that match a glob pattern on an
earlier line in the file are output before ones that match a later line, and filepairs that do not match any
glob pattern are output last.
As an example, a typical orderfile for the core Git probably would look like this:
README
Makefile
Documentation
*.h
*.c
t
SEE ALSO
git-diff(1), git-diff-files(1), git-diff-index(1), git-diff-tree(1), git-format-patch(1), git-log(1),
gitglossary(7), The Git User’s Manual[1]
GIT
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