PERL5100DELTA(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERL5100DELTA(1)
NAME
perl5100delta - what is new for perl 5.10.0
DESCRIPTION
This document describes the differences between the 5.8.8 release and the 5.10.0 release.
Many of the bug fixes in 5.10.0 were already seen in the 5.8.X maintenance releases; they are not duplicated
here and are documented in the set of man pages named perl58[1-8]?delta.
Core Enhancements
The "feature" pragma
The "feature" pragma is used to enable new syntax that would break Perl's backwards-compatibility with older
releases of the language. It's a lexical pragma, like "strict" or "warnings".
Currently the following new features are available: "switch" (adds a switch statement), "say" (adds a "say"
built-in function), and "state" (adds a "state" keyword for declaring "static" variables). Those features are
described in their own sections of this document.
The "feature" pragma is also implicitly loaded when you require a minimal perl version (with the "use VERSION"
construct) greater than, or equal to, 5.9.5. See feature for details.
New -E command-line switch
-E is equivalent to -e, but it implicitly enables all optional features (like "use feature ":5.10"").
Defined-or operator
A new operator "//" (defined-or) has been implemented. The following expression:
$a // $b
is merely equivalent to
defined $a ? $a : $b
and the statement
$c //= $d;
can now be used instead of
$c = $d unless defined $c;
The "//" operator has the same precedence and associativity as "||". Special care has been taken to ensure
that this operator Do What You Mean while not breaking old code, but some edge cases involving the empty
regular expression may now parse differently. See perlop for details.
Switch and Smart Match operator
Perl 5 now has a switch statement. It's available when "use feature 'switch'" is in effect. This feature
introduces three new keywords, "given", "when", and "default":
given ($foo) {
when (/^abc/) { $abc = 1; }
when (/^def/) { $def = 1; }
when (/^xyz/) { $xyz = 1; }
default { $nothing = 1; }
}
Each capturing parenthesis can now be treated as an independent pattern that can be entered by using the
"(?PARNO)" syntax ("PARNO" standing for "parenthesis number"). For example, the following pattern will
match nested balanced angle brackets:
/
^ # start of line
( # start capture buffer 1
< # match an opening angle bracket
(?: # match one of:
(?> # don't backtrack over the inside of this group
[^<>]+ # one or more non angle brackets
) # end non backtracking group
| # ... or ...
(?1) # recurse to bracket 1 and try it again
)* # 0 or more times.
> # match a closing angle bracket
) # end capture buffer one
$ # end of line
/x
PCRE users should note that Perl's recursive regex feature allows backtracking into a recursed pattern,
whereas in PCRE the recursion is atomic or "possessive" in nature. As in the example above, you can add
(?>) to control this selectively. (Yves Orton)
Named Capture Buffers
It is now possible to name capturing parenthesis in a pattern and refer to the captured contents by name.
The naming syntax is "(?<NAME>....)". It's possible to backreference to a named buffer with the
"\k<NAME>" syntax. In code, the new magical hashes "%+" and "%-" can be used to access the contents of the
capture buffers.
Thus, to replace all doubled chars with a single copy, one could write
s/(?<letter>.)\k<letter>/$+{letter}/g
Only buffers with defined contents will be "visible" in the "%+" hash, so it's possible to do something
like
foreach my $name (keys %+) {
print "content of buffer '$name' is $+{$name}\n";
}
The "%-" hash is a bit more complete, since it will contain array refs holding values from all capture
buffers similarly named, if there should be many of them.
"%+" and "%-" are implemented as tied hashes through the new module "Tie::Hash::NamedCapture".
Users exposed to the .NET regex engine will find that the perl implementation differs in that the
numerical ordering of the buffers is sequential, and not "unnamed first, then named". Thus in the pattern
/(A)(?<B>B)(C)(?<D>D)/
$1 will be 'A', $2 will be 'B', $3 will be 'C' and $4 will be 'D' and not $1 is 'A', $2 is 'C' and $3 is
'B' and $4 is 'D' that a .NET programmer would expect. This is considered a feature. :-) (Yves Orton)
A new syntax "\g{N}" or "\gN" where "N" is a decimal integer allows a safer form of back-reference
notation as well as allowing relative backreferences. This should make it easier to generate and embed
patterns that contain backreferences. See "Capture buffers" in perlre. (Yves Orton)
"\K" escape
The functionality of Jeff Pinyan's module Regexp::Keep has been added to the core. In regular expressions
you can now use the special escape "\K" as a way to do something like floating length positive lookbehind.
It is also useful in substitutions like:
s/(foo)bar/$1/g
that can now be converted to
s/foo\Kbar//g
which is much more efficient. (Yves Orton)
Vertical and horizontal whitespace, and linebreak
Regular expressions now recognize the "\v" and "\h" escapes that match vertical and horizontal whitespace,
respectively. "\V" and "\H" logically match their complements.
"\R" matches a generic linebreak, that is, vertical whitespace, plus the multi-character sequence
"\x0D\x0A".
"say()"
say() is a new built-in, only available when "use feature 'say'" is in effect, that is similar to print(), but
that implicitly appends a newline to the printed string. See "say" in perlfunc. (Robin Houston)
Lexical $_
The default variable $_ can now be lexicalized, by declaring it like any other lexical variable, with a simple
my $_;
The operations that default on $_ will use the lexically-scoped version of $_ when it exists, instead of the
global $_.
In a "map" or a "grep" block, if $_ was previously my'ed, then the $_ inside the block is lexical as well (and
scoped to the block).
In a scope where $_ has been lexicalized, you can still have access to the global version of $_ by using $::_,
or, more simply, by overriding the lexical declaration with "our $_". (Rafael Garcia-Suarez)
The "_" prototype
A new prototype character has been added. "_" is equivalent to "$" but defaults to $_ if the corresponding
argument isn't supplied (both "$" and "_" denote a scalar). Due to the optional nature of the argument, you
can only use it at the end of a prototype, or before a semicolon.
This has a small incompatible consequence: the prototype() function has been adjusted to return "_" for some
built-ins in appropriate cases (for example, "prototype('CORE::rmdir')"). (Rafael Garcia-Suarez)
UNITCHECK blocks
"UNITCHECK", a new special code block has been introduced, in addition to "BEGIN", "CHECK", "INIT" and "END".
"CHECK" and "INIT" blocks, while useful for some specialized purposes, are always executed at the transition
array and should not have been done in the first place. Also, the cache *::ISA::CACHE:: no longer exists; to
force reset the @ISA cache, you now need to use the "mro" API, or more simply to assign to @ISA (e.g. with
"@ISA = @ISA").
readdir() may return a "short filename" on Windows
The readdir() function may return a "short filename" when the long filename contains characters outside the
ANSI codepage. Similarly Cwd::cwd() may return a short directory name, and glob() may return short names as
well. On the NTFS file system these short names can always be represented in the ANSI codepage. This will
not be true for all other file system drivers; e.g. the FAT filesystem stores short filenames in the OEM
codepage, so some files on FAT volumes remain unaccessible through the ANSI APIs.
Similarly, $^X, @INC, and $ENV{PATH} are preprocessed at startup to make sure all paths are valid in the ANSI
codepage (if possible).
The Win32::GetLongPathName() function now returns the UTF-8 encoded correct long file name instead of using
replacement characters to force the name into the ANSI codepage. The new Win32::GetANSIPathName() function
can be used to turn a long pathname into a short one only if the long one cannot be represented in the ANSI
codepage.
Many other functions in the "Win32" module have been improved to accept UTF-8 encoded arguments. Please see
Win32 for details.
readpipe() is now overridable
The built-in function readpipe() is now overridable. Overriding it permits also to override its operator
counterpart, "qx//" (a.k.a. "``"). Moreover, it now defaults to $_ if no argument is provided. (Rafael
Garcia-Suarez)
Default argument for readline()
readline() now defaults to *ARGV if no argument is provided. (Rafael Garcia-Suarez)
state() variables
A new class of variables has been introduced. State variables are similar to "my" variables, but are declared
with the "state" keyword in place of "my". They're visible only in their lexical scope, but their value is
persistent: unlike "my" variables, they're not undefined at scope entry, but retain their previous value.
(Rafael Garcia-Suarez, Nicholas Clark)
To use state variables, one needs to enable them by using
use feature 'state';
or by using the "-E" command-line switch in one-liners. See "Persistent Private Variables" in perlsub.
Stacked filetest operators
As a new form of syntactic sugar, it's now possible to stack up filetest operators. You can now write "-f -w
-x $file" in a row to mean "-x $file && -w _ && -f _". See "-X" in perlfunc.
UNIVERSAL::DOES()
The "UNIVERSAL" class has a new method, "DOES()". It has been added to solve semantic problems with the
"isa()" method. "isa()" checks for inheritance, while "DOES()" has been designed to be overridden when module
authors use other types of relations between classes (in addition to inheritance). (chromatic)
See "$obj->DOES( ROLE )" in UNIVERSAL.
Formats
the specified one.
"chdir", "chmod" and "chown" on filehandles
"chdir", "chmod" and "chown" can now work on filehandles as well as filenames, if the system supports
respectively "fchdir", "fchmod" and "fchown", thanks to a patch provided by Gisle Aas.
OS groups
$( and $) now return groups in the order where the OS returns them, thanks to Gisle Aas. This wasn't
previously the case.
Recursive sort subs
You can now use recursive subroutines with sort(), thanks to Robin Houston.
Exceptions in constant folding
The constant folding routine is now wrapped in an exception handler, and if folding throws an exception (such
as attempting to evaluate 0/0), perl now retains the current optree, rather than aborting the whole program.
Without this change, programs would not compile if they had expressions that happened to generate exceptions,
even though those expressions were in code that could never be reached at runtime. (Nicholas Clark, Dave
Mitchell)
Source filters in @INC
It's possible to enhance the mechanism of subroutine hooks in @INC by adding a source filter on top of the
filehandle opened and returned by the hook. This feature was planned a long time ago, but wasn't quite working
until now. See "require" in perlfunc for details. (Nicholas Clark)
New internal variables
"${^RE_DEBUG_FLAGS}"
This variable controls what debug flags are in effect for the regular expression engine when running under
"use re "debug"". See re for details.
"${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}"
This variable gives the native status returned by the last pipe close, backtick command, successful call
to wait() or waitpid(), or from the system() operator. See perlvar for details. (Contributed by Gisle
Aas.)
"${^RE_TRIE_MAXBUF}"
See "Trie optimisation of literal string alternations".
"${^WIN32_SLOPPY_STAT}"
See "Sloppy stat on Windows".
Miscellaneous
"unpack()" now defaults to unpacking the $_ variable.
"mkdir()" without arguments now defaults to $_.
The internal dump output has been improved, so that non-printable characters such as newline and backspace are
output in "\x" notation, rather than octal.
The -C option can no longer be used on the "#!" line. It wasn't working there anyway, since the standard
streams are already set up at this point in the execution of the perl interpreter. You can use binmode()
instead to get the desired behaviour.
UCD 5.0.0
Incompatible Changes
Packing and UTF-8 strings
The semantics of pack() and unpack() regarding UTF-8-encoded data has been changed. Processing is now by
default character per character instead of byte per byte on the underlying encoding. Notably, code that used
things like "pack("a*", $string)" to see through the encoding of string will now simply get back the original
$string. Packed strings can also get upgraded during processing when you store upgraded characters. You can
get the old behaviour by using "use bytes".
To be consistent with pack(), the "C0" in unpack() templates indicates that the data is to be processed in
character mode, i.e. character by character; on the contrary, "U0" in unpack() indicates UTF-8 mode, where the
packed string is processed in its UTF-8-encoded Unicode form on a byte by byte basis. This is reversed with
regard to perl 5.8.X, but now consistent between pack() and unpack().
Moreover, "C0" and "U0" can also be used in pack() templates to specify respectively character and byte modes.
"C0" and "U0" in the middle of a pack or unpack format now switch to the specified encoding mode, honoring
parens grouping. Previously, parens were ignored.
Also, there is a new pack() character format, "W", which is intended to replace the old "C". "C" is kept for
unsigned chars coded as bytes in the strings internal representation. "W" represents unsigned (logical)
character values, which can be greater than 255. It is therefore more robust when dealing with potentially
UTF-8-encoded data (as "C" will wrap values outside the range 0..255, and not respect the string encoding).
In practice, that means that pack formats are now encoding-neutral, except "C".
For consistency, "A" in unpack() format now trims all Unicode whitespace from the end of the string. Before
perl 5.9.2, it used to strip only the classical ASCII space characters.
Byte/character count feature in unpack()
A new unpack() template character, ".", returns the number of bytes or characters (depending on the selected
encoding mode, see above) read so far.
The $* and $# variables have been removed
$*, which was deprecated in favor of the "/s" and "/m" regexp modifiers, has been removed.
The deprecated $# variable (output format for numbers) has been removed.
Two new severe warnings, "$#/$* is no longer supported", have been added.
substr() lvalues are no longer fixed-length
The lvalues returned by the three argument form of substr() used to be a "fixed length window" on the original
string. In some cases this could cause surprising action at distance or other undefined behaviour. Now the
length of the window adjusts itself to the length of the string assigned to it.
Parsing of "-f _"
The identifier "_" is now forced to be a bareword after a filetest operator. This solves a number of
misparsing issues when a global "_" subroutine is defined.
":unique"
The ":unique" attribute has been made a no-op, since its current implementation was fundamentally flawed and
not threadsafe.
Effect of pragmas in eval
The compile-time value of the "%^H" hint variable can now propagate into eval("")uated code. This makes it
Previously, .pmc files were loaded only if more recent than the matching .pm file. Starting with 5.9.4,
they'll be always loaded if they exist.
$^V is now a "version" object instead of a v-string
$^V can still be used with the %vd format in printf, but any character-level operations will now access the
string representation of the "version" object and not the ordinals of a v-string. Expressions like
"substr($^V, 0, 2)" or "split //, $^V" no longer work and must be rewritten.
@- and @+ in patterns
The special arrays "@-" and "@+" are no longer interpolated in regular expressions. (Sadahiro Tomoyuki)
$AUTOLOAD can now be tainted
If you call a subroutine by a tainted name, and if it defers to an AUTOLOAD function, then $AUTOLOAD will be
(correctly) tainted. (Rick Delaney)
Tainting and printf
When perl is run under taint mode, "printf()" and "sprintf()" will now reject any tainted format argument.
(Rafael Garcia-Suarez)
undef and signal handlers
Undefining or deleting a signal handler via "undef $SIG{FOO}" is now equivalent to setting it to 'DEFAULT'.
(Rafael Garcia-Suarez)
strictures and dereferencing in defined()
"use strict 'refs'" was ignoring taking a hard reference in an argument to defined(), as in :
use strict 'refs';
my $x = 'foo';
if (defined $$x) {...}
This now correctly produces the run-time error "Can't use string as a SCALAR ref while "strict refs" in use".
"defined @$foo" and "defined %$bar" are now also subject to "strict 'refs'" (that is, $foo and $bar shall be
proper references there.) ("defined(@foo)" and "defined(%bar)" are discouraged constructs anyway.) (Nicholas
Clark)
"(?p{})" has been removed
The regular expression construct "(?p{})", which was deprecated in perl 5.8, has been removed. Use "(??{})"
instead. (Rafael Garcia-Suarez)
Pseudo-hashes have been removed
Support for pseudo-hashes has been removed from Perl 5.9. (The "fields" pragma remains here, but uses an
alternate implementation.)
Removal of the bytecode compiler and of perlcc
"perlcc", the byteloader and the supporting modules (B::C, B::CC, B::Bytecode, etc.) are no longer distributed
with the perl sources. Those experimental tools have never worked reliably, and, due to the lack of volunteers
to keep them in line with the perl interpreter developments, it was decided to remove them instead of shipping
a broken version of those. The last version of those modules can be found with perl 5.9.4.
However the B compiler framework stays supported in the perl core, as with the more useful modules it has
permitted (among others, B::Deparse and B::Concise).
Assume the following code:
main calls Foo::Bar::baz()
Foo::Bar inherits from Foo::Base
Foo::Bar::baz() calls Foo::Base::_bazbaz()
Foo::Base::_bazbaz() calls: warnings::warnif('substr', 'some warning
message');
On 5.8.x, the code warns when Foo::Bar contains "use warnings;" It does not matter if Foo::Base or main have
warnings enabled to disable the warning one has to modify Foo::Bar.
On 5.10.0 and newer, the code warns when main contains "use warnings;" It does not matter if Foo::Base or
Foo::Bar have warnings enabled to disable the warning one has to modify main.
Modules and Pragmata
Upgrading individual core modules
Even more core modules are now also available separately through the CPAN. If you wish to update one of these
modules, you don't need to wait for a new perl release. From within the cpan shell, running the 'r' command
will report on modules with upgrades available. See "perldoc CPAN" for more information.
Pragmata Changes
"feature"
The new pragma "feature" is used to enable new features that might break old code. See "The "feature"
pragma" above.
"mro"
This new pragma enables to change the algorithm used to resolve inherited methods. See "New Pragma, "mro""
above.
Scoping of the "sort" pragma
The "sort" pragma is now lexically scoped. Its effect used to be global.
Scoping of "bignum", "bigint", "bigrat"
The three numeric pragmas "bignum", "bigint" and "bigrat" are now lexically scoped. (Tels)
"base"
The "base" pragma now warns if a class tries to inherit from itself. (Curtis "Ovid" Poe)
"strict" and "warnings"
"strict" and "warnings" will now complain loudly if they are loaded via incorrect casing (as in "use
Strict;"). (Johan Vromans)
"version"
The "version" module provides support for version objects.
"warnings"
The "warnings" pragma doesn't load "Carp" anymore. That means that code that used "Carp" routines without
having loaded it at compile time might need to be adjusted; typically, the following (faulty) code won't
work anymore, and will require parentheses to be added after the function name:
use warnings;
require Carp;
Carp::confess 'argh';
ship with any versions of Perl 5. It comes with a command-line frontend, "corelist".
· "Math::BigInt::FastCalc" is an XS-enabled, and thus faster, version of "Math::BigInt::Calc".
· "Compress::Zlib" is an interface to the zlib compression library. It comes with a bundled version of zlib,
so having a working zlib is not a prerequisite to install it. It's used by "Archive::Tar" (see below).
· "IO::Zlib" is an "IO::"-style interface to "Compress::Zlib".
· "Archive::Tar" is a module to manipulate "tar" archives.
· "Digest::SHA" is a module used to calculate many types of SHA digests, has been included for SHA support
in the CPAN module.
· "ExtUtils::CBuilder" and "ExtUtils::ParseXS" have been added.
· "Hash::Util::FieldHash", by Anno Siegel, has been added. This module provides support for field hashes:
hashes that maintain an association of a reference with a value, in a thread-safe garbage-collected way.
Such hashes are useful to implement inside-out objects.
· "Module::Build", by Ken Williams, has been added. It's an alternative to "ExtUtils::MakeMaker" to build
and install perl modules.
· "Module::Load", by Jos Boumans, has been added. It provides a single interface to load Perl modules and
.pl files.
· "Module::Loaded", by Jos Boumans, has been added. It's used to mark modules as loaded or unloaded.
· "Package::Constants", by Jos Boumans, has been added. It's a simple helper to list all constants declared
in a given package.
· "Win32API::File", by Tye McQueen, has been added (for Windows builds). This module provides low-level
access to Win32 system API calls for files/dirs.
· "Locale::Maketext::Simple", needed by CPANPLUS, is a simple wrapper around "Locale::Maketext::Lexicon".
Note that "Locale::Maketext::Lexicon" isn't included in the perl core; the behaviour of
"Locale::Maketext::Simple" gracefully degrades when the later isn't present.
· "Params::Check" implements a generic input parsing/checking mechanism. It is used by CPANPLUS.
· "Term::UI" simplifies the task to ask questions at a terminal prompt.
· "Object::Accessor" provides an interface to create per-object accessors.
· "Module::Pluggable" is a simple framework to create modules that accept pluggable sub-modules.
· "Module::Load::Conditional" provides simple ways to query and possibly load installed modules.
· "Time::Piece" provides an object oriented interface to time functions, overriding the built-ins
localtime() and gmtime().
· "IPC::Cmd" helps to find and run external commands, possibly interactively.
· "File::Fetch" provide a simple generic file fetching mechanism.
Selected Changes to Core Modules
"Attribute::Handlers"
"Attribute::Handlers" can now report the caller's file and line number. (David Feldman)
All interpreted attributes are now passed as array references. (Damian Conway)
"B::Lint"
"B::Lint" is now based on "Module::Pluggable", and so can be extended with plugins. (Joshua ben Jore)
"B" It's now possible to access the lexical pragma hints ("%^H") by using the method B::COP::hints_hash(). It
returns a "B::RHE" object, which in turn can be used to get a hash reference via the method
B::RHE::HASH(). (Joshua ben Jore)
"Thread"
As the old 5005thread threading model has been removed, in favor of the ithreads scheme, the "Thread"
module is now a compatibility wrapper, to be used in old code only. It has been removed from the default
list of dynamic extensions.
Utility Changes
perl -d
The Perl debugger can now save all debugger commands for sourcing later; notably, it can now emulate
stepping backwards, by restarting and rerunning all bar the last command from a saved command history.
It can also display the parent inheritance tree of a given class, with the "i" command.
ptar
"ptar" is a pure perl implementation of "tar" that comes with "Archive::Tar".
ptardiff
"ptardiff" is a small utility used to generate a diff between the contents of a tar archive and a
directory tree. Like "ptar", it comes with "Archive::Tar".
shasum
"shasum" is a command-line utility, used to print or to check SHA digests. It comes with the new
"Digest::SHA" module.
corelist
The "corelist" utility is now installed with perl (see "New modules" above).
h2ph and h2xs
"h2ph" and "h2xs" have been made more robust with regard to "modern" C code.
"h2xs" implements a new option "--use-xsloader" to force use of "XSLoader" even in backwards compatible
modules.
The handling of authors' names that had apostrophes has been fixed.
Any enums with negative values are now skipped.
perlivp
"perlivp" no longer checks for *.ph files by default. Use the new "-a" option to run all tests.
find2perl
"find2perl" now assumes "-print" as a default action. Previously, it needed to be specified explicitly.
cpan2dist
"cpan2dist" is a new utility that comes with CPANPLUS. It's a tool to create distributions (or packages)
from CPAN modules.
pod2html
The output of "pod2html" has been enhanced to be more customizable via CSS. Some formatting problems were
also corrected. (Jari Aalto)
New Documentation
The perlpragma manpage documents how to write one's own lexical pragmas in pure Perl (something that is
possible starting with 5.9.4).
The new perlglossary manpage is a glossary of terms used in the Perl documentation, technical and otherwise,
kindly provided by O'Reilly Media, Inc.
The perlreguts manpage, courtesy of Yves Orton, describes internals of the Perl regular expression engine.
The perlreapi manpage describes the interface to the perl interpreter used to write pluggable regular
expression engines (by var Arnfjoer` Bjarmason).
The perlunitut manpage is an tutorial for programming with Unicode and string encodings in Perl, courtesy of
Juerd Waalboer.
A new manual page, perlunifaq (the Perl Unicode FAQ), has been added (Juerd Waalboer).
The perlcommunity manpage gives a description of the Perl community on the Internet and in real life. (Edgar
"Trizor" Bering)
The CORE manual page documents the "CORE::" namespace. (Tels)
The long-existing feature of "/(?{...})/" regexps setting $_ and pos() is now documented.
Performance Enhancements
In-place sorting
Sorting arrays in place ("@a = sort @a") is now optimized to avoid making a temporary copy of the array.
Likewise, "reverse sort ..." is now optimized to sort in reverse, avoiding the generation of a temporary
intermediate list.
Lexical array access
Access to elements of lexical arrays via a numeric constant between 0 and 255 is now faster. (This used to be
only the case for global arrays.)
XS-assisted SWASHGET
Some pure-perl code that perl was using to retrieve Unicode properties and transliteration mappings has been
reimplemented in XS.
Constant subroutines
The interpreter internals now support a far more memory efficient form of inlineable constants. Storing a
reference to a constant value in a symbol table is equivalent to a full typeglob referencing a constant
subroutine, but using about 400 bytes less memory. This proxy constant subroutine is automatically upgraded to
a real typeglob with subroutine if necessary. The approach taken is analogous to the existing space
optimisation for subroutine stub declarations, which are stored as plain scalars in place of the full
remains O(n), but if deletion only happens at program exit, it may be skipped completely.
sort() enhancements
Salvador Fandin~o provided improvements to reduce the memory usage of "sort" and to speed up some cases.
Memory optimisations
Several internal data structures (typeglobs, GVs, CVs, formats) have been restructured to use less memory.
(Nicholas Clark)
UTF-8 cache optimisation
The UTF-8 caching code is now more efficient, and used more often. (Nicholas Clark)
Sloppy stat on Windows
On Windows, perl's stat() function normally opens the file to determine the link count and update attributes
that may have been changed through hard links. Setting ${^WIN32_SLOPPY_STAT} to a true value speeds up stat()
by not performing this operation. (Jan Dubois)
Regular expressions optimisations
Engine de-recursivised
The regular expression engine is no longer recursive, meaning that patterns that used to overflow the
stack will either die with useful explanations, or run to completion, which, since they were able to blow
the stack before, will likely take a very long time to happen. If you were experiencing the occasional
stack overflow (or segfault) and upgrade to discover that now perl apparently hangs instead, look for a
degenerate regex. (Dave Mitchell)
Single char char-classes treated as literals
Classes of a single character are now treated the same as if the character had been used as a literal,
meaning that code that uses char-classes as an escaping mechanism will see a speedup. (Yves Orton)
Trie optimisation of literal string alternations
Alternations, where possible, are optimised into more efficient matching structures. String literal
alternations are merged into a trie and are matched simultaneously. This means that instead of O(N) time
for matching N alternations at a given point, the new code performs in O(1) time. A new special variable,
${^RE_TRIE_MAXBUF}, has been added to fine-tune this optimization. (Yves Orton)
Note: Much code exists that works around perl's historic poor performance on alternations. Often the
tricks used to do so will disable the new optimisations. Hopefully the utility modules used for this
purpose will be educated about these new optimisations.
Aho-Corasick start-point optimisation
When a pattern starts with a trie-able alternation and there aren't better optimisations available, the
regex engine will use Aho-Corasick matching to find the start point. (Yves Orton)
Installation and Configuration Improvements
Configuration improvements
"-Dusesitecustomize"
Run-time customization of @INC can be enabled by passing the "-Dusesitecustomize" flag to Configure. When
enabled, this will make perl run $sitelibexp/sitecustomize.pl before anything else. This script can then
be set up to add additional entries to @INC.
Relocatable installations
There is now Configure support for creating a relocatable perl tree. If you Configure with
"-Duserelocatableinc", then the paths in @INC (and everything else in %Config) can be optionally located
via the path of the perl executable.
A new configuration variable, available as $Config{d_pseudofork} in the Config module, has been added, to
distinguish real fork() support from fake pseudofork used on Windows platforms.
A new configuration variable, "d_printf_format_null", has been added, to see if printf-like formats are
allowed to be NULL.
Configure help
"Configure -h" has been extended with the most commonly used options.
Compilation improvements
Parallel build
Parallel makes should work properly now, although there may still be problems if "make test" is instructed
to run in parallel.
Borland's compilers support
Building with Borland's compilers on Win32 should work more smoothly. In particular Steve Hay has worked
to side step many warnings emitted by their compilers and at least one C compiler internal error.
Static build on Windows
Perl extensions on Windows now can be statically built into the Perl DLL.
Also, it's now possible to build a "perl-static.exe" that doesn't depend on the Perl DLL on Win32. See the
Win32 makefiles for details. (Vadim Konovalov)
ppport.h files
All ppport.h files in the XS modules bundled with perl are now autogenerated at build time. (Marcus
Holland-Moritz)
C++ compatibility
Efforts have been made to make perl and the core XS modules compilable with various C++ compilers
(although the situation is not perfect with some of the compilers on some of the platforms tested.)
Support for Microsoft 64-bit compiler
Support for building perl with Microsoft's 64-bit compiler has been improved. (ActiveState)
Visual C++
Perl can now be compiled with Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 (and 2008 Beta 2).
Win32 builds
All win32 builds (MS-Win, WinCE) have been merged and cleaned up.
Installation improvements
Module auxiliary files
README files and changelogs for CPAN modules bundled with perl are no longer installed.
New Or Improved Platforms
Perl has been reported to work on Symbian OS. See perlsymbian for more information.
Many improvements have been made towards making Perl work correctly on z/OS.
Perl has been reported to work on DragonFlyBSD and MidnightBSD.
Perl has also been reported to work on NexentaOS ( http://www.gnusolaris.org/ ).
Calling CORE::require()
CORE::require() and CORE::do() were always parsed as require() and do() when they were overridden. This is
now fixed.
Subscripts of slices
You can now use a non-arrowed form for chained subscripts after a list slice, like in:
({foo => "bar"})[0]{foo}
This used to be a syntax error; a "->" was required.
"no warnings 'category'" works correctly with -w
Previously when running with warnings enabled globally via "-w", selective disabling of specific warning
categories would actually turn off all warnings. This is now fixed; now "no warnings 'io';" will only
turn off warnings in the "io" class. Previously it would erroneously turn off all warnings.
threads improvements
Several memory leaks in ithreads were closed. Also, ithreads were made less memory-intensive.
"threads" is now a dual-life module, also available on CPAN. It has been expanded in many ways. A kill()
method is available for thread signalling. One can get thread status, or the list of running or joinable
threads.
A new "threads->exit()" method is used to exit from the application (this is the default for the main
thread) or from the current thread only (this is the default for all other threads). On the other hand,
the exit() built-in now always causes the whole application to terminate. (Jerry D. Hedden)
chr() and negative values
chr() on a negative value now gives "\x{FFFD}", the Unicode replacement character, unless when the "bytes"
pragma is in effect, where the low eight bits of the value are used.
PERL5SHELL and tainting
On Windows, the PERL5SHELL environment variable is now checked for taintedness. (Rafael Garcia-Suarez)
Using *FILE{IO}
"stat()" and "-X" filetests now treat *FILE{IO} filehandles like *FILE filehandles. (Steve Peters)
Overloading and reblessing
Overloading now works when references are reblessed into another class. Internally, this has been
implemented by moving the flag for "overloading" from the reference to the referent, which logically is
where it should always have been. (Nicholas Clark)
Overloading and UTF-8
A few bugs related to UTF-8 handling with objects that have stringification overloaded have been fixed.
(Nicholas Clark)
eval memory leaks fixed
Traditionally, "eval 'syntax error'" has leaked badly. Many (but not all) of these leaks have now been
eliminated or reduced. (Dave Mitchell)
Random device on Windows
In previous versions, perl would read the file /dev/urandom if it existed when seeding its random number
generator. That file is unlikely to exist on Windows, and if it did would probably not contain
Hietaniemi)
study() and UTF-8
study() never worked for UTF-8 strings, but could lead to false results. It's now a no-op on UTF-8 data.
(Yves Orton)
Critical signals
The signals SIGILL, SIGBUS and SIGSEGV are now always delivered in an "unsafe" manner (contrary to other
signals, that are deferred until the perl interpreter reaches a reasonably stable state; see "Deferred
Signals (Safe Signals)" in perlipc). (Rafael)
@INC-hook fix
When a module or a file is loaded through an @INC-hook, and when this hook has set a filename entry in
%INC, __FILE__ is now set for this module accordingly to the contents of that %INC entry. (Rafael)
"-t" switch fix
The "-w" and "-t" switches can now be used together without messing up which categories of warnings are
activated. (Rafael)
Duping UTF-8 filehandles
Duping a filehandle which has the ":utf8" PerlIO layer set will now properly carry that layer on the duped
filehandle. (Rafael)
Localisation of hash elements
Localizing a hash element whose key was given as a variable didn't work correctly if the variable was
changed while the local() was in effect (as in "local $h{$x}; ++$x"). (Bo Lindbergh)
New or Changed Diagnostics
Use of uninitialized value
Perl will now try to tell you the name of the variable (if any) that was undefined.
Deprecated use of my() in false conditional
A new deprecation warning, Deprecated use of my() in false conditional, has been added, to warn against
the use of the dubious and deprecated construct
my $x if 0;
See perldiag. Use "state" variables instead.
!=~ should be !~
A new warning, "!=~ should be !~", is emitted to prevent this misspelling of the non-matching operator.
Newline in left-justified string
The warning Newline in left-justified string has been removed.
Too late for "-T" option
The error Too late for "-T" option has been reformulated to be more descriptive.
"%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration
This warning is now emitted in more consistent cases; in short, when one of the declarations involved is a
"my" variable:
my $x; my $x; # warns
my $x; our $x; # warns
Opening dirhandle/filehandle %s also as a file/directory
Two deprecation warnings have been added: (Rafael)
Opening dirhandle %s also as a file
Opening filehandle %s also as a directory
Use of -P is deprecated
Perl's command-line switch "-P" is now deprecated.
v-string in use/require is non-portable
Perl will warn you against potential backwards compatibility problems with the "use VERSION" syntax.
perl -V
"perl -V" has several improvements, making it more useable from shell scripts to get the value of
configuration variables. See perlrun for details.
Changed Internals
In general, the source code of perl has been refactored, tidied up, and optimized in many places. Also, memory
management and allocation has been improved in several points.
When compiling the perl core with gcc, as many gcc warning flags are turned on as is possible on the platform.
(This quest for cleanliness doesn't extend to XS code because we cannot guarantee the tidiness of code we
didn't write.) Similar strictness flags have been added or tightened for various other C compilers.
Reordering of SVt_* constants
The relative ordering of constants that define the various types of "SV" have changed; in particular,
"SVt_PVGV" has been moved before "SVt_PVLV", "SVt_PVAV", "SVt_PVHV" and "SVt_PVCV". This is unlikely to make
any difference unless you have code that explicitly makes assumptions about that ordering. (The inheritance
hierarchy of "B::*" objects has been changed to reflect this.)
Elimination of SVt_PVBM
Related to this, the internal type "SVt_PVBM" has been removed. This dedicated type of "SV" was used by the
"index" operator and parts of the regexp engine to facilitate fast Boyer-Moore matches. Its use internally has
been replaced by "SV"s of type "SVt_PVGV".
New type SVt_BIND
A new type "SVt_BIND" has been added, in readiness for the project to implement Perl 6 on 5. There
deliberately is no implementation yet, and they cannot yet be created or destroyed.
Removal of CPP symbols
The C preprocessor symbols "PERL_PM_APIVERSION" and "PERL_XS_APIVERSION", which were supposed to give the
version number of the oldest perl binary-compatible (resp. source-compatible) with the present one, were not
used, and sometimes had misleading values. They have been removed.
Less space is used by ops
The "BASEOP" structure now uses less space. The "op_seq" field has been removed and replaced by a single bit
bit-field "op_opt". "op_type" is now 9 bits long. (Consequently, the "B::OP" class doesn't provide an "seq"
method anymore.)
New parser
perl's parser is now generated by bison (it used to be generated by byacc.) As a result, it seems to be a bit
more robust.
Also, Dave Mitchell improved the lexer debugging output under "-DT".
The "AvFLAGS" macro has been removed.
"av_*" changes
The "av_*()" functions, used to manipulate arrays, no longer accept null "AV*" parameters.
$^H and %^H
The implementation of the special variables $^H and %^H has changed, to allow implementing lexical pragmas in
pure Perl.
B:: modules inheritance changed
The inheritance hierarchy of "B::" modules has changed; "B::NV" now inherits from "B::SV" (it used to inherit
from "B::IV").
Anonymous hash and array constructors
The anonymous hash and array constructors now take 1 op in the optree instead of 3, now that pp_anonhash and
pp_anonlist return a reference to an hash/array when the op is flagged with OPf_SPECIAL. (Nicholas Clark)
Known Problems
There's still a remaining problem in the implementation of the lexical $_: it doesn't work inside "/(?{...})/"
blocks. (See the TODO test in t/op/mydef.t.)
Stacked filetest operators won't work when the "filetest" pragma is in effect, because they rely on the stat()
buffer "_" being populated, and filetest bypasses stat().
UTF-8 problems
The handling of Unicode still is unclean in several places, where it's dependent on whether a string is
internally flagged as UTF-8. This will be made more consistent in perl 5.12, but that won't be possible
without a certain amount of backwards incompatibility.
Platform Specific Problems
When compiled with g++ and thread support on Linux, it's reported that the $! stops working correctly. This is
related to the fact that the glibc provides two strerror_r(3) implementation, and perl selects the wrong one.
Reporting Bugs
If you find what you think is a bug, you might check the articles recently posted to the comp.lang.perl.misc
newsgroup and the perl bug database at http://rt.perl.org/rt3/ . There may also be information at
http://www.perl.org/ , the Perl Home Page.
If you believe you have an unreported bug, please run the perlbug program included with your release. Be sure
to trim your bug down to a tiny but sufficient test case. Your bug report, along with the output of "perl
-V", will be sent off to [email protected] to be analysed by the Perl porting team.
SEE ALSO
The Changes file and the perl590delta to perl595delta man pages for exhaustive details on what changed.
The INSTALL file for how to build Perl.
The README file for general stuff.
The Artistic and Copying files for copyright information.
perl v5.16.3 2013-03-04 PERL5100DELTA(1)
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